Research Roundup
The UKECRF has released its research roundup covering papers published during May and June
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by Dave Cross
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“The studies selected and further reading list do not cover every e-cigarette-related study published. Instead, they include high profile studies most relevant to key themes,” says the UKECRF, but gives a good indication of the sheer volume of work being carried out.
The effectiveness of using e-cigarettes for quitting smoking compared to other cessation methods among adults in the United Kingdom - https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33751671/
The study looked at how well vaping works to help smokers quit. They looked at data provided by 1155 respondents, measuring if they were still smoke-free one month after follow-up. They found that when compared with using no support, pod systems or disposables worked over three times better and the use of refillable or modular systems worked over five times better.
They concluded: “When used daily, electronic cigarettes appear to facilitate abstinence from smoking when compared with using no help.”
While the news is positive, the UKECRF caution that memories may have been inaccurate, the sample sizes were “relatively small” and possibly “not representative of the UK population”, and “participants were not asked if they received behavioural support”.
Smokers' use of e-cigarettes in situations where smoking is not permitted in England: quarterly trends 2011-2020 and associations with sociodemographic and smoking characteristics - https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34089607/
The team looked at whether smokers were using e-cigarettes in places where smoking was banned. They examined data obtained from 5,081 dual users and concluded: “In England, use of e-cigarettes in situations where smoking is not permitted is common among dual cigarette and e-cigarette users, has increased non-linearly since 2011, and is particularly prevalent among those who are younger, disadvantaged, more addicted, have recently failed to quit, and are not attempting to cut down.”
UKECRF stated that the team failed to identify precisely where smoking was not allowed and therefore the findings lacked context. It also pointed out that “a relatively small proportion of e-cigarette users also smoke cigarettes meaning the sample size was limited.”
E-cigarette advertising in the UK: a content analysis of traditional and social media advertising to observe compliance with current regulations - https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33856487/
Researchers at Stirling’s Institute for Social Marketing and Health looked at 130 examples of vape adverts in traditional media and on Instagram.
“In traditional channels, our sample of advertising had largely good compliance,” they found, but all 30 advertising on Instagram breached CAP Code rule 22.10 in their opinion.
Rule 22.10 states: “People shown using e-cigarettes or playing a significant role must neither be, nor seem to be, under 25. People under 25 may be shown in an incidental role but must be obviously not using e-cigarettes.”
UKECRF stated: “Compliance was assessed by researchers rather than the Advertising Standards Authority, who may have judged compliance differently. The sample of ads were from 2019. Since then, Instagram has introduced bans on influencers promoting vaping products which may have altered practice.”
Other studies from May/June:
Patterns of use
- Characteristics of electronic cigarette user and traditional smokers: 2017 Youth risk behavior surveillance system.
- Smokers' use of e-cigarettes in situations where smoking is not permitted in England: quarterly trends 2011-2020 and associations with sociodemographic and smoking characteristics.
- Electronic cigarette use (vaping) and patterns of tobacco cigarette smoking in pregnancy-evidence from a population-based maternity survey in England.
- Nicotine delivery and relief of craving after consumption of European JUUL e-cigarettes prior and after pod modification.
- Electronic cigarette use intensity measurement challenges and regulatory implications.
- Transitions Between Electronic and Combustible Cigarettes: A Mixed Methods Analysis of Peer Interactions in an Online Community for Tobacco Cessation.
- Young Adults' Vaping, Readiness to Quit, and Recent Quit Attempts: The Role of Co-use With Cigarettes and Marijuana.
- E-Cigarette Use in Young Adult Never Cigarette Smokers with Disabilities: Results from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System Survey.
- Characterizing symptoms of e-cigarette dependence: a qualitative study of young adults.
- Longitudinal Examination of Prenatal Tobacco Switching Behaviors and Birth Outcomes, Including Electronic Nicotine Delivery System (ENDS) and Dual Use.
- Choice and Variety-Seeking of E-liquids and Flavor Categories by New Zealand Smokers Using an Electronic Cigarette: A Longitudinal Study.
- Differences in JUUL Appeal Among Past and Current Youth JUUL Users.
- The Genetic and Environmental Influences Contributing to the Association between Electronic and Conventional Cigarette Initiation.
- Racial and Ethnic Differences in Marijuana Use in e-Cigarettes Among US Youth in 2017, 2018, and 2020.
- Personal and perceptual factors associated with the use of electronic cigarettes among university students in northern Thailand.
- E-Cigarette Flavors and Frequency of E-Cigarette Use among Adult Dual Users Who Attempt to Quit Cigarette Smoking in the United States: Longitudinal Findings from the PATH Study 2015/16-2016/17.
- Vaping identity in adolescent e-cigarette users: A comparison of norms, attitudes, and behaviors.
- E-Cigarette Use Among Youths and Young Adults During the COVID-19 Pandemic: United States, 2020.
Perception
- Electronic Cigarettes Prevalence and Awareness Among Jordanian Individuals.
- Knowledge and Beliefs of Jordanian Community Toward E-cigarettes: A National Survey.
- Changes in E-Cigarette Perceptions Over Time: A National Youth Tobacco Survey Analysis.
- Implementation of e-cigarette regulation through the EU Tobacco Products Directive (2016) in Wales, Scotland and England from the perspectives of stakeholders involved in policy introduction and enforcement.
- Tackling Smoker Misperceptions about E-cigarettes using Expert Videos.
- Modelling Public Sentiments about Juul Flavors on Twitter through Machine Learning.
Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)-containing e-cigarette, or vaping, product use behaviors among adults after the onset of the 2019 outbreak of e-cigarette, or vaping, product use-associated lung injury (EVALI). - Knowledge and Attitudes Among Medical Students Toward the Clinical Usage of e-Cigarettes: A Cross-Sectional Study in a University Hospital in Saudi Arabia.
- E-Cigarette Beliefs and Intentions Among U.S. Adults Before and After EVALI Outbreak.
- Where There Is (No) Smoke, There Is Still Fire: a Review of Trends, Reasons for Use, Preferences and Harm Perceptions of Adolescent and Young Adult Electronic Cigarette Use.
- Consumer Preferences for E-cigarette Flavor, Nicotine Strength, and Type: Evidence from Nielsen Scanner Data.
Cessation
- Changes in dependence, withdrawal, and craving among adult smokers who switch to nicotine salt pod-based e-cigarettes.
- Electronic Cigarette Use and Cigarette-Smoking Cessation Attempts Among Stroke Survivors in the US.
- Effectiveness of a Vaping Cessation Text Message Program Among Young Adult e-Cigarette Users: A Randomized Clinical Trial.
- Evaluation of a smoking cessation patient decision aid that integrates information about e-cigarettes.
- Do Pain-Related Anxiety and Difficulties With Emotion Regulation Impact Abstinence Expectancies or Motivation to Quit E-Cigarette Use?
- Electronic cigarettes for smoking cessation.
Youth
- Trends in e-cigarette brands, devices and the nicotine profile of products used by youth in England, Canada and the USA: 2017-2019.
- Racial and Ethnic Differences in E-Cigarette and Cigarette Use Among Adolescents.
- Electronic cigarette use and suicidal behaviors among adolescents.
- Association between electronic cigarette use and tobacco cigarette smoking initiation in adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
- Characteristics of e-Cigarette Use Behaviors Among US Youth, 2020.
- Longitudinal trajectories of E-cigarette use among adolescents: A 5-year, multiple cohort study of vaping with and without marijuana.
- Modeling the effect of stress on vaping behavior among young adults: A randomized cross-over pilot study.
- Racial/Ethnic Differences in Associations of Non-cigarette Tobacco Product Use With Subsequent Initiation of Cigarettes in US Youths.
- High school seniors who used e-cigarettes may have otherwise been cigarette smokers: Evidence from Monitoring the Future (United States, 2009-2018).
- Accessing Vaping Products When Underage: A Qualitative Study of Young Adults in Southern California.
- Adolescent Use and Perceptions of JUUL and Other Pod-Style e-Cigarettes: A Qualitative Study to Inform Prevention.
Marketing
- Negative Perceptions of Young People Using E-cigarettes on Instagram: An Experiment with Adolescents.
- Association Between Social Media Use and Vaping Among Florida Adolescents, 2019.
- Exposure to e-cigarette TV advertisements among U.S. youth and adults, 2013-2019.
Harms and harm reduction
- Dysregulated Metabolites Serve as Novel Biomarkers for Metabolic Diseases Caused by E-Cigarette Vaping and Cigarette Smoking.
- Nicotine-free vapor inhalation produces behavioral disruptions and anxiety-like behaviors in mice: Effects of puff duration, session length, sex, and flavor.
- A randomized controlled study in healthy participants to explore the exposure continuum when smokers switch to a tobacco heating product or an E-cigarette relative to cessation.
- The impact of E-cigarette vaping and vapour constituents on bone health.
- Exposure to Nicotine and Toxicants Among Dual Users of Tobacco Cigarettes and E-Cigarettes: Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH) Study, 2013-2014.
- US Nicotine Vaping Product SimSmoke Simulation Model: The Effect of Vaping and Tobacco Control Policies on Smoking Prevalence and Smoking-Attributable Deaths.
- Firsthand and secondhand exposure levels of maltol-flavored electronic nicotine delivery system (ENDS) vapors disrupt amino acid metabolism.
- Nicotine Exposure Via Electronic Cigarettes Significantly Impedes Biomechanical Healing Properties of Tendon Healing in a Rat Model.
- A 6-month inhalation toxicology study in Apoe(-/-) mice demonstrates substantially lower effects of e-vapor aerosol compared with cigarette smoke in the respiratory tract.
- Use of electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) among U.S. women of reproductive age: Prevalence, reported reasons for use, and toxin exposure.
- Risk of smoking relapse with the use of electronic cigarettes: A systematic review with meta-analysis of longitudinal studies.
Particulate matter in aerosols produced by two last generation electronic cigarettes: a comparison in a real-world environment. - E-cigarette advertising in the UK: a content analysis of traditional and social media advertising to observe compliance with current regulations.
Misc
- Evidence from an fMRI study that dessert-flavored e-cigarettes engage taste-related, but not smoking-related, brain circuitry for female daily smokers.
- Dynamic Imaging and Characterization of Volatile Aerosols in E-Cigarette Emissions Using Deep Learning-Based Holographic Microscopy.
- Objective assessment of nasal resistance among electronic cigarette users.
- E-cigarette Use in Prisons With Recently Established Smokefree Policies: A Qualitative Interview Study With People in Custody in Scotland.
- A Rapid and Sensitive Chemical Screening Method for E-Cigarette Aerosols Based on Runtime Cavity Ringdown Spectroscopy.
- Understanding potential mechanisms of harm: the drivers of electronic cigarette-induced changes in alveolar macrophages, neutrophils and lung epithelial cells.
- A numerical study on capillary-evaporation behavior of porous wick in electronic cigarettes.
- Nicotine delivery and user ratings of IQOS heated tobacco system compared to cigarettes, Juul and refillable e-cigarettes.
- Electrical features, liquid composition and toxicant emissions from 'pod-mod'-like disposable electronic cigarettes.
- The Illegal Experimental Tobacco Marketplace I: Effects of VapingProduct Bans.
- Effect of Massachusetts House Bill No. 4196 on electronic cigarette use: a mixed-methods study.
- Effects of Manufacturing Variation in Electronic Cigarette Coil Resistance and Initial Pod Mass on Coil Lifetime and Aerosol Generation.
Dave Cross
Journalist at POTVDave is a freelance writer; with articles on music, motorbikes, football, pop-science, vaping and tobacco harm reduction in Sounds, Melody Maker, UBG, AWoL, Bike, When Saturday Comes, Vape News Magazine, and syndicated across the Johnston Press group. He was published in an anthology of “Greatest Football Writing”, but still believes this was a mistake. Dave contributes sketches to comedy shows and used to co-host a radio sketch show. He’s worked with numerous vape companies to develop content for their websites.
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